Fritz Laves was born in Hannover but spent most of his youth in Göttingen. From his father who was a judge he gained a sense of justice that was to be evident in his later actions. He tried to muster the support of the members of the Faculty of Science at the University of Göttingen so that V. M. Goldschmidt could stay on after 1933; after World War II he became a member of a commission at the University of Marburg which decided on the re-employment of former University professors; he participated in discussions concerning the reform of the E.T.H. in Zürich.
F. L. maintained a long and active interest in music and the arts. As a piano student of 17 he used the confusion created by run-away inflation to pawn a child's microscope three times in order to buy piano scores of all the sonatas of Beethoven and Mozart. Later he liked to buy records with artists' individual interpretations of piano sonatas and concerts. He was proud of being a descendant of Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves (1788 - 1864), the court architect of the King of Hannover and England for five decades, who was responsible for Hannover's opera house, the Wangenheim palace, changes in the "Leine Schloß", as well as a city plan for the town itself. It was said that F. L. inherited not only several paintings of the 18th and 19th century but also his three dimensional vision which was highly praised by V. M. Goldschmidt. His literary favorites ranged from Goethe, to Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, and Hermann Kasack. He also inherited two pistols of Goethe's Werther from his great grandmother, Charlotte Buff.
His artistic interests were shared by his wife Melitta Druckenmüller trained as an architect, she became involved in his frameworks and representations of crystal structures. She is responsible for many of the figures in his publications. Esteemed by colleagues, co-workers, and students, Melitta Laves stood by her husband in critical situations, especially after his heart attack of 1972. Because of her help and care, F. L. recovered quickly in their house on the Italian Riviera and was able to continue his scientific writings to the end of his life.
F. L.'s scientific activity began as a twelve year old school boy who collected rocks and minerals. He had his first contact with "Geheimrat" Professor Mügge, Director of the Mineralogical Institute, who gave him permission to see the museum as often as he wishes. The young boy was also told that one of his specimens was a feldspar with the composition KAlSi3O8 which was to be a critical fact in his scientific thinking.
When Fritz Laves finished the gymnasium in 1924 his father suggested that his son study geology because he could not see any profession for a mineralogist other than as a professor; and that itself seemed to be rather risky. F. L. began his studies in Innsbruck, continued in Göttingen, and later went to Zürich. It was in Zürich that P. Niggli's ideas in crystallography convinced him to go into this field; at that time Brandenberger, Heesch, Ito, Nowacki, Parker in crystallography and the mathematicians van der Waerden and J. J. Burkhardt were creating a systematic nomenclature for crystal-chemical description. P. Niggli in 1919 had already proposed the term lattice complex, but it was used in another sense too, namely as a configuration of a lattice complex. F. L. started to study the lattice complexes in respect to their properties of sphere packings in a few space groups of the crystal classes C4 and S4 and convinced P. Niggli that it would take longer than one human life to calculate the homogeneous sphere packings of all 230 space groups by hand. The discussion resulted in a thesis about "Bauzusammenhänge" [1, 1a,b]1 introducing the terms "Insel, Kette, Netz, Gerüst". In 1978 F. L. made the following retrospective remarks about this paper:
"Stimulated by ideas of P. Niggli (1927), Laves (1930) tried to present a classification of crystal structures on the basis of topological concepts and metrical relations between 'units', from which the crystal structures may be considered to consist. For this purpose some definitions had to be formulated for words or word combinations that were already used in the literature, however undefined, that is varying in their meaning. This holds especially for the German words 'Element, Einheit, Zusammenhang, Verband'. For distinction the syllable 'Bau-' has mostly be added. As an English translation the word combinations 'web element', 'web unit', 'web assemblage' and 'web connection' may be proposed."
Actually, the classification could have been done without the word "Element" and "Zusammenhang" as these are only "head concepts" for the different kinds of "Einheiten" and "Verbände", specified by additional words. He also proposed the following translation in 1978:
Bau-Insel web island,
Bau-Kette web chain,
Bau-Netz web net,
Bau-Skelett web skeleton.
In the second part of the thesis he applied the letters I, K, N, G 2 for homogeneous and i, k, n, g for heterogeneous "Bauverbände" to structure elements of AB and more complex compounds. For further divisions F. L. had to introduce the coordination numbers and (normalized) distances in a complete description. For example:
In his only paper with P. Niggli [2] homogeneous system-symmorphic nets and frameworks down to orthorhombic system are shown in respect to their coordination number, space filling, and their dependence on parameters and axial ratios. The plane partitioning into Wirkungsbereiche (Voronoi polyhedra or Wigner-Seitz cells) and coordination numbers are studied in detail [3, 4]. The thinnest sphere packing is found when the spheres of Y* are replaced by three [10]; only 5.6% of the space are filled. At the meeting on isomorphy in Göttingen F. L. presented a paper about miscibility and typy, iso and heterotypy [46b]. Because of the importance of these definitions for crystal chemical considerations and because of the war (the issue of "Die Chemie" had only a few copies) the article with additional remarks, Table of Contents and Bibliography is reprinted here. The search for a unique definition of the coordination number was a matter of discussion in several publications during his whole life [78, 88, 136, 180, 206, 230]. His coworkers Brunner and Schwarzenbach (1971) use a maximum gap in a distance histogramm - i.e., a registration of the distances of successive coordination shells to define the characteristic coordination number.
This work in theoretical crystallography (Bauverbände, sphere packings, space and plane partitioning) provided the impetus for several review and survey articles on different subjects such as silicates [7], AB2 compounds [13], metals and intermetallic compounds [22, 34, 35a, 38, 50, 78, 136, 180, 209] and in general on inorganic compounds [41, 42, 124a, 133]. Besides the geometrical factors F. L. also discussed the influence of valence electrons, ionic bonding, and anomalous volume contraction.
The first two decades of his scientific life (1928 - 1948), were spent in Zürich (doctorand and assistent, until 1930), Göttingen (as assistant and dozent until 1943), Halle (as Extraordinarius and Director of the Institute until 1945), and Marburg (as Ordinarius and Director of the Institute until 1948), F. L. was engaged mainly in two large fields of research, namely metals and intermetallic compounds and order/disorder. As an assistant of V. M. Goldschmidt and inspired by the school of Tamann (and his successor Masing) and in cooperation with Wallbaum, Witte, Löhberg, and Ralfs the factors governing the structure of intermetallic compounds were estimated.
The first paper about coordination numbers and valence electron in intermetallic compounds, presented by V. M. Goldschmidt to the "Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen" in 1932 [5], was a proof of the Hume-Rothery rules for β- and γ-brass. In the same year F. L. finished his habilitation thesis on the structure of Ga, which showed dumbbells at the first coordination [7a,8]. Besides the isotypy between Mg3Al2 [better Mg17Al12 (194)] and α-Mn [14] several representatives of the Laves-Friauf structure types of MgCu2, MgZn2, and their relation to MgNi2 were shown [13, 22, 44, 45, 47]. The existence of these three types in the ternary system Mg-Cu-Al and in the quasibinary section MgCu2-MgAl2 was determined by X-ray analysis [24]. The "Zintl" line in the periodic table [39] separating intermetallic compounds from salts and polyanionic salts has been checked by F. L. with the occurrence of the NiAs-type [42]. While V. M. Goldschmidt had shown the factors controlling the structure of ionic substances (ratio of the compounds, ratio of the radii, polarization) F. L. summarized the state of knowledge of intermetallic compounds in several review articles [50, 78, 88, 136, 180] describing the space symmetry and connection principles and introducing the Q-factor, for example AmBncompounds
| Q = (dA + dB) / 2dAB | ||
| dA (dB) | the shortest distance between A(B) atoms; | |
| dAB | the shortest distance between AB atoms; |
to show the deviation from heterogenity (i.e. NaCl, Q = 1.41, NiAs, Q = 1.19). Structures with large contraction as La in LaNi2 (MgCu2-type) require a "suitable electron transfer".
Through the influence of Paul Rosbaud, Laves was ordered to leave the army during World War II and to work on metallurgical problems, especially to look for cubic Mg-alloys for airplanes [46a,c]3; also for answers to dissolution problems of Al-Cu and Al-Mg.
In the last one and a half decades of his life he studied Al, Ga, V, Nb, and Ta alloys in respect to the superconductivity of the β-W-Cr3Si-type, in dependence on phase transition and pressure, and in respect to the change of Tc [138, 139, 191, 192, 196, 198, 199, 202, 209].
The order-disorder problem in crystals is a leitmotif in F. L.'s whole scientific work. Together with Nieuwenkamp and Witte he showed already in 1935 the difference streaks in the reciprocal space for 2-dimensional order and 1-dimensional disorder (especially Lagenfehlordnung) in crystals [16-18]. With Jagodzinski the solution of this problem was given [46c, 50, 54], - solutions had been found for ZnS (wurtzite/sphalerite), carborundum (SiC), graphite, maucherite (~Ni3As2). C. Wagner and W. Schottky4 proposed in 1931 three types of disorder for mixed phases, namely substitution (Substitution), interstitial occupation (Zwischengitterbesetzung), and formation of voids (Lückenbildung). However after the study of several mixed crystals and especially the silver halogenides [15] and chalcogenides [31a], F. L. suggested a division into complete and incomplete crystals, the latter with the subdivision of addition, subtraction, and division crystals again subdivided by the term multiplication (i.e., different coordination for the same atom) [35]. Consequently the decomposition and the recrystallization of glasses (with the composition NaO.3TiO2.8SiO2, Na2O-TiO2-SiO2, and Li2-CeO2 (CeO15)-SiO2] was investigated by electron microscope and electron diffraction [157a, 175a, 200]. In several periods F. L. tried to answer the question "what is a crystal" [70a, 120, 207a]; ending up in the statement: "Ich hoffe, . . . gezeigt zu haben, daß es schwierig bzw. unmöglich ist, die Frage 'Was ist ein Kristall mit wenigen Worten zu beantworten, sobald man den Boden der mathematischen Definition 'Idealkristall' verläßt."
A complete change in the direction of his scientific efforts occurred when he went to the University of Chicago in 1948 as a "paperclip specialist of the Navy" to investigate order-disorder in silicates, a field he had begun to research for a thesis in Marburg [51]. He became so involved working with his own hands using the microscope and the Precession camera for X-rays that he forgot to finish the last papers about structures of intermetallic compounds [Mg2Ga(In,Tl) and Mg5Ga2(Tl2)]5.
His activities on feldspar continued during the following three decades. New methods like IR, NMR, ESR and electron microscopy in different variations [PhEEM, SEM, TEM(s) and with polarization] allowed expanded knowledge of a most important rock forming mineral. The first investigations dealt with K-feldspar (sanidine, orthoclase, mikrocline, adularia) and Na-feldspar (high-low), showing their optical and structural behavior and different types of twinning [51, 55-58], the exsolution in moonstone [57a], and phase relations of the alkaline feldspars [60]. Julian R. Goldsmith, colleague and friend, cooperated over a decade with F. L. in the feldspars, their long/short-range order [70], their use as geological thermometer [66], the intermediate types of K-feldspar [69], the order phenomena in partially replaced Al/Si by Ga/Ge in anorthite, the effect of temperature and composition on the Al/Si distribution [72], the coexistence of two plagioclases in the oligoclase region [67]. After structure determination of anorthite and celsian by Helen Megaw et al. a controversial discussion with F. L. and J. R. Goldsmith took place concerning the definition of displacive transformation, domains and boundaries in between, their influence of order/disorder problems of Al/Si in the framework, the importance of Ca for low temperature structure and the usefulness of doubling the c0 constant (14 Å), also in the alkalifeldspar region. The possibility of an intermediate state for orthoclase, between sanidine and microcline, was also discussed [109-111].
In 1954 F. L. accepted the Chair of Mineralogy at the ETH in Zürich as successor to P. Niggli, where he remained till his emeritation inspite of an offer as director of the Fritz Haber Institut of the Max Planck Society, Berlin. With the support of colleagues in chemistry, H. H. Günthard, and the physicists E. Brun [174] and F. Waldner [175], he introduced the IR-spectroscopy and the methods of paramagnetic nuclei and electron resonance into the fields of feldspars and other compounds. With the aid of St. Hafner he confirmed the order/disorder statements and the intermediate stages of orthoclase etc. by IR and NMR [77, 82, 93, 94, 126, 132]. A comparison of the results received by these two methods on the feldspar problem are given in [131].
His other researches in feldspars include the following. The temperature dependence of domains and the X-ray intensities of anorthite were investigated in detail [195, 204, 216, 218, 226]. The schiller and submicroscopic lamellae in labradorite, peristerite and moonstone were studied with an electromicroscope (also in transmission and as photoemission) [181, 215, 221, 222, 224]. An important part of the efforts on feldspars was in application to geological problems [66, 73, 74, 98, 99 missing in the list, 101, 122, 128, 162, 178, 179, 192c] and on lunar samples [217, 219a]. After the numerous papers on plagioclases and a careful study of J. V. Smith's book "Feldspars", Vol I. and II., F. L. gave his paper "Gedanken zum stabilen Phasendiagramm der Plagioklase", at the joint meeting of the Österreichische Mineralogische Gesellschaft and the Schweizer Mineralogisch-Petrographische Gesellschaft in Salzburg, September 1977. He showed a more simplified diagram with one exsolution curve and four maxima as a summation summary of thirty years effort in this field [231, 231a missing in the list].
F. L. also conducted work on quartz. Unpublished results of electrolysis in quartz with Au- and Ag-anodes in 1939 were the starting point twenty years later of a study of the mechanism at work during electrolysis, the diffusion of cations (Au +, Ag +, Cu+, Li +, H+) in connection with elastical oscillation, changes of refractive indices, structural and defect channels in the structure, and color centers [96, 97, 102, 103, 107, 115, 143]. IR absorption bands, especially in the region ~ 3000 cm-1 are due to OH-vibrations and permit an explanation of the behavior of H in its dependence on temperature, thermoluminiscence, lamellae, and geological environment [106, 114, 117, 121, 121a ,135, 190, 229]. Traces of Na in quartz were estimated by neutron activation analysis and by diffussion experiments without a D.C. field followed [146, 183]. A further method - the electron paramagnetic resonance - was introduced to observe defects in quartz crystals with color centers obtained by electrolysis. AlPO4 in the low-quartz modification has been investigated in respect to the electrical quadrupol exchange of Al27 [108, 167, 168, 175b]. The structure of the subcell of Mg[Al2Si3O10] has been found to be similar to the high-quartz modification with the position of Mg in structural channels parallel c0. The polytypy and polytropy of tridymite has been discussed in respect to its superperiods in c0 and in respect to the disappearance of reflections far above (180°-230°) the transition temperature of 170° [148].
IR absorption spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance of Al27 were applied to order/disorder problems in Al-spinels and Al2O3 [112, 112a, 113]; NMR of Na23, Al27, and Si29 to cation order in nepheline and Cr in spinels [94, 94a]. Starting in 1960 with the publication of an inverse trirutile type Cr2WO4 [100] numerous representatives of oxides with TiO2-types were synthesized and X-ray examined, as well as representatives of the spinel, perovskite, columbite, α-Mn2O3 type [105, 118, 124, 130, 175d]. The structural relations between α-PbO2, wolframite (FeWO4), columbite (FeNb2O6) and brookite (TiO2) were shown in detail. New phases of TiOx 1< x< 2 were be found [185, 186]. Especially the tantalite (ATaO4) and niobate (ANbO4) and their binary mixed crystals belonged to the α-PbO2, wolframite, AlNbO4, pyrochlore, and BiTaO4 types [134]. Single crystals of the oxides Nb2O5 and Ta2O5 have been grown and their different polytypes have been investigated showing the different possibility of octahedral connection with the composition A2O5 [150, 151, 154, 170, 171]. The crystal chemistry of tellurium oxides and their complexes as Te4+ and Te6+ has been reported [144, 176, 176a, 184, 188, 189] within the new structure type Mg3TeO66. Average and superstructure of β-eucryptite (LiAlSiO4) has been determined by X-ray [211, 212, 228].
In addition to his continuous interest in feldspars, he intended to write a small book on "twinning and ferroelasticity" and another one comparing the symbolism on "Bauverbände" with that created by C. Hermann (1960)7 based on the nomenclature for lattice complexes.
Finally it should be mentioned that F. L. worked also in the field of organic chemistry, namely about urea and thiourea adducts, the structures of nicotinacidamid, squalene, pigment substances and biantraquinone [160, 161, 175c, 175f].
In a talk given in 1958 reviewing the development of crystallography during the last 50 years (an anniversary of the "Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft") F. L. stated: "Die Laue'sche Entdeckung - in Deutschland geboren - ermöglichte eine Kristallstrukturforschung. Deren Bedeutung für alle Zweige der Naturwissenschaften und Technik ist uns allen geläufig. Praktisch betrieben wurde sie aber, und wird sie auch heute noch, vorwiegend im Ausland", (This has changed in a few fields in the last two decades). Two years later in an obituary of Max von Laue he reviewed the history of crystallography: M. v. Laue's traditional hypothesis about lattices in crystals which was supported by Leonhard Sohncke till 1897 and continued by Paul Groth; the discussion by P. P. Ewald, a doctorand of Sommerfeld, who thought about the reaction of X-rays when passing lattices occupied by atoms; and the willingness of Friedrich and Knipping to do the proposed experiments.
F. L. succeeded in establishing in Zürich cooperation with colleagues in other fields to study the physics and chemistry of minerals and to gain a deeper understanding of order/disorder problems, twinning, and geological significance. In this respect he was an excellent teacher to students and postdoctoral fellows. Twenty of his students and assistants later became professors at universities and continue his research interests.
F. L. was chairman of the "Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft" (DMG) 1956-1958, member of the Executive Committee of IUCr (1960-1966) and its vice-president, member of the Akademie der Naturforscher "Leopoldina" Halle, corresponding member of the "Akademie der Naturwissenschaften und Literatur in Mainz" and of the "Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften in München". He received the doctor honoris causa from the University of Bochum, the Roebling medal of the Mineralogical Society of America, and the Abraham-Gottlieb-Werner medal of the DMG. In 1971 he became a honorary member of the DMG as well as of the "Österreichische Mineralogische Gesellschaft".
His affiliation with the Zeitschrift für Kristallographie is long-standing. When he was 27 years old he prepared the main register for volumes 51 through 75 (particularly of authors). With vol. 106 he became Editor of the Journal. Fritz Laves considered mineralogy as an important part of natural science based on crystallography, physics, and chemistry; in this sense he acted as an editor of this Journal for which he has won the thanks of the editors and the staff of the Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. The Journal's name in thus reflects his philosophy. Publications in the field of crystallography, intermetallic compounds, feldspars, quartz and applied research methods will be indebted to the basic research and results of Fritz Laves for many years to come.
List of publications and theses of F. Laves, Coworkers and Colleagues who cooperated in his fields of interest (based on his own publication list).
1. Laves, F.: Die Bauzusammenhänge innerhalb der Kristallstrukturen. - Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der philosophischen Doktorwürde, vorgelegt der Phil. Fak. II
der Universität Zürich. I. und II. Teil. 1929
l a. Laves F.: Beitrag zur Klassifikation von Kristallstrukturen. Chem. Zentralbl. 376-377
(A 1929)
l b. Laves, F.: Die Bau-Zusammenhänge innerhalb der Kristallstrukturen I. Z. Kristallogr.
73, 202-265 (1930); Die Bau-Zusammenhänge innerhalb der Kristallstrukturen II. Z.
Kristallogr. 73, 275-324 (1930)
2. Niggli, P., Laves, F.: Homogene und systemssymorphe Baunetze und Baugitter. Z. Kristallogr. 73, 381-427 (1930)
3. Laves, F.: Ebenenteilung in Wirkungsbereiche. Z. Kristallogr. 76, 277-284 (1930)
4. Laves, F.: Ebenenteilung und Koordinationszahl. Z. Kristallogr. 78, 208-241 (1931)
5. Laves, F.: Beziehungen zwischen Koordinationszahlen und Valenzelektronen in intermetallischen Verbindungen. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 30, 519-524 (1932)
6. Zambonini, F., Laves, F.: Über die Kristallstruktur des Li3PO4 und seine Beziehung zum Strukturtyp des Olivin. Z. Kristallogr. (A)83, 26-28 (1932)
7. Laves, F.: Zur Klassifikation der Silikate. Z. Kristallogr. (A)82, 1-14 (1932)
7a. Laves, F.: Kristallstruktur des Galliums. Fortschr. Mineral. 17, 519-524 (1933) und Naturwiss. 472 (1932)
8. Laves, F.: Kristallstruktur und Morphologie des Galliums. Z. Kristallogr. (A)84, 256 - 298 (1933)
9. Laves, F.: Zur Kristallstruktur der Boride vom Typus MeB6. Z. phys. Chem. 22,114-116 (1933)
10. Heesch, H, Laves, F.: Über dünne Kugelpackungen. Z. Kristallogr. (A)85, 443-453 (1933)
11. Laves, F.: Über eine Mangan-Silicium-Legierung vom Wolfram-Typ (A2-Typ). Z. Kristallogr. (A)89, 189-191 (1934)
12. Laves, F.: Zur Kristallstruktur des Borcarbides. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 1, 57-58 (1934)
13. Laves, F., Löhberg, K.: Die Kristallstruktur von intermetallischen Verbindungen der Formel AB2. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen l, 59-66 (1934)
14. Laves, F., Löhberg, K., Rahlfs, P.: Über die Isomorphie von Mg3Al2 und α-Mangan. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 1, 67-71 (1934)
15. Strock, L. W.: Kristallstruktur des Hochtemperatur-Jodsilbers α-AgJ. Z. phys. Chem. (B)25, 441-459(1934)
15a. Laves, F.: Geochemie. Chemiker-Kalender 539-544 (1935)
15b. Döring, W.: Die Mischkristallreihen MgCu2 - MgNiZn und MgZn2 - MgCuAl. Metallwirtschaft 14, 918-919 (1935)
15c. Misch, L.: Strukturen intermetallischer Verbindungen des Berylliums mit Kupfer, Nickel und Eisen. Z. phys. Chem. (B)29, 42-58 (1935)
15d. Misch, L.: Die Kristallstruktur des AuBe5 und PdBe5 und ihre Beziehung zur kubischen AB2-Struktur. Metallwirtschaft 14, 897-899 (1935)
16. Laves, F.: Überstrukturerscheinungen an Nickel-Arsen-Legierungen. Fortschr. Mineral. 19, 33-37(1935)
17. Laves, F., Nieuwenkamp, W.: Interferenzerscheinungen an zweidimensionalen Kristallen. Z. Kristallogr. (A)90, 273-278 (1935)
18. Laves, F.: Zweidimensionale Überstrukturen. Z. Kristallogr. (A)90, 279-282 (1935)
19. Nieuwenkamp, W.: Zweidimensionale Cristobalitkristalle. Z. Kristallogr. (A)90, 377-380 (1935)
20. Schoszberger, F.: Das Kupferamalgam CuHg mit der Struktur des γ-Messings. Z. phys. Chem. (B)29, 65-78 (1935)
21. Strock, L. W.: Ergänzung und Berichtigung zu: "Kristallstruktur des Hochtemperatur-Jodsilbers α-AgJ". Z. phys. Chem. (B)31, 132-136 (1935)
22. Laves, F., Witte, H.: Die Kristallstruktur des MgNi2 und seine Beziehungen zu den Typen des MgCu2 und MgZn2. Metallwirtschaft 14, 645-649 (1935)
23. Laves, F., Löhberg, K., Witte, H.: Über die Isomorphie der ternären Verbindungen Mg3Zn3Al2 und Mg4CuAl6. Metallwirtschaft 14, 793-794 (1935)
24. Laves, F., Witte, H.: Untersuchungen im System Mg - Cu - Al, speziell auf dem Schnitt MgCu2 - MgAl2. Metallwirtschaft 15, 15-22 (1936)
25. Laves, F., Witte, H.: Der Einfluß von Valenzelektronen auf die Kristallstruktur ternärer Magnesiumlegierungen. Metallwirtschaft 15, 840-842 (1936)
26. Laves, F.: Vergleich von Volumen- und Abstandskontraktionen in metallischen Verbindungen. Metallwirtschaft 15, 631-639 (1936)
27. Misch, L.: Kristallstrukturelle Untersuchungen von einigen Berylliumlegierungen. Metallwirtschaft 15, 163-166 (1936)
28. Laves, F., Werner, St.: Zur Kristallstruktur von Mg2Zn11 und dessen Isomorphie mit
Mg3Cu7Al10. Z. Kristallogr. (A)95, 114-128 (1936)
28a. Laves, F.: Bauprinzipien metallischer Bindungen. Fortschr. Mineral. 20, 45 (1936)
29. Laves, F.: Zur Kenntnis der Hume-Rotheryschen Bindungskräfte in metallischen Verbindungen. Naturwiss. 24, 742 (1936)
30. Strock, L. W.: A classiflcation of crystal structures with defect lattices. Z. Kristallogr.
(A)93, 285-311 (1936)
31a. Rahlfs, P.: Über die kubischen Hochtemperaturmodifikationen der Sulfide, Selenide und Telluride des Silbers und des einwertigen Kupfers. Z. phys. Chem.(B)31,157-194 (1936)
31b. Rahlfs, P.: Die Kristallstruktur des Ni3Sn (Mg3Cd-Typ = Überstruktur der hexagonal
dichtesten Kugelpackung). Metallwirtschaft 16, 343-345 (1937)
31c. Rahlfs, P.: Über einige neue ternäre Verbindungen mit einer Überstruktur des β-Messings. Metallwirtschaft 16, 640-643 (1937)
31d. Schütz, W.: Über die ternären Verbindungen Mg4Cu11Al11. Metallwirtschaft 16, 949-950 (1937)
32. Witte, H.: Der Gültigkeitsbeweis der Hume-Rothery Regeln. Metallwirtschaft 16, 237-245 (1937)
32a. Witte, H.: Die Kristallstruktur des CaMg2. Naturwiss. 25, 795 (1937)
33. Laves, F.: Fünfundzwanzig Jahre Laue-Diagramm. Naturwiss. 25, 705-733 (1937)
34. Laves, F., Moeller, K.: Über die Mischkristallreihe Mg - AgCd3 im ternären System Magnesium-Silber-Kadmium. Z. Metallkunde 29, 185-189 (1937)
34a. Laves, F., Moeller, K.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Systems Aluminium - Magnesium. Z. Metallkunde 30, 232-235 (1938)
35. Laves, F.: Übergang zwischen Ordnung und Unordnung in Ionenkristallen. Z. Elektrochem. 45, 2-16(1939)
35a. Laves, F.: Kristallographie der Legierungen. Naturwiss. 27, 65-73 (1939)
36. Laves, F., Wallbaum, H. J.: Die Kristallstruktur von Ni3Ti und Si2Ti. Z. Kristallogr. (A)101, 78-93(1939)
37. Laves, F.: Zur Konstitution der Magnesium-Zink-Legierungen. Naturwiss. 27, 454-455 (1939)
38. Laves, F., Wallbaum, H. J.: Zur Kristallchemie von Titan-Legierungen. Naturwiss. 27, 674-675 (1939)
39. Laves, F.: Über den Einfluß von Spannungen auf die Regelung von Quarz- und Cristobalit-Kriställchen in Chalcedon, Quarzin und Lussatit. Naturwiss. 27, 705-707 (1939)
39a. Witte, H.: Zur Kenntnis der Kristallchemie von Legierungen. I. Untersuchungen auf dem Schnitt MgZn2-MgAg2. Z. angew. Mineral. 1, 83-92 (1939)
39b. Witte, H.: Zur Kenntnis der Kristallchemie von Legierungen. II. Untersuchungen im System Magnesium - Kupfer - Silizium mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Schnittes MgCu2-MgSi2. Z. angew. Mineral, l, 255-268 (1939)
40. Laves, F.: Eduard Zintl's Arbeiten über die Chemie und Struktur der Legierungen. Naturwiss. 29, 244-255 (1941)
40a. Laves, F.: berichtet über weitere ternäre intermetallische Verbindungen vom Flußspattyp, wie z.B. MgLiAs. Fachausschuß für Strukturforschung des VDI, Nov. 1942
41. Laves, F., Wallbaum, H. J.: Über den Einfluß geometrischer Faktoren auf die stöchiometrische Formel metallischer Verbindungen, gezeigt an der Kristallstruktur des KNa2. Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 250, 110-120 (1942)
42. Laves, F., Wallbaum, H.-J.: Über einige neue Vertreter des NiAs-Types und ihre kristallchemische Bedeutung. Z. angew. Mineral. 4, 17-46 (1941/42)
42a. Kristallographie und Kristallchemie. In: J. D'Ans, E. Lax: Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker. Berlin: Springer 1943
43. Laves, F., Ernst, Th.: Die Sichtbarmachung des Charakters (+ bzw. -) äußerst schwacher Doppelbrechungseffekte. Naturwiss. 31, 68-69 (1943)
44. Laves, F.: Die Kristallstrukturen von LaMg2 und CeMg2. Naturwiss. 31, 96 (1943)
45. Laves, F.: Die Strukturen von CaGa2, LaGa2 und CeGa2. Naturwiss. 31,145 (1943)
46a. Mäder, H., Laves, F.: Über die Schweißrissigkeit der Cer-legierten Mg-Mn-Legierungen und deren Vermeidbarkeit durch Al-Zusatz. Aluminium 25, 157-159 (1943)
46 b. Laves, F.: Ähnlichkeit und Mischbarkeit anorganischer Kristalle. Die Chemie 57, 30-33 (1944)
46c. Ernst, Th., Laves, F.: Über die Verformung des Mg und seiner Legierungen. Metallkunde 40, 296-305 (1949)
46d. Jagodzinski, H., Laves, F.: Über die Deutung der Entmischungsvorgänge in Mischkristallen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Systeme Aluminium - Kupfer und Aluminium - Silber. Metallkunde 40, 296-305 (1949)
47. Hellner, E., Laves, F.: Die Kristallstrukturen von SrMg2, BaMg2 und CaLi2. Z. Kristallogr. (A)105, 134-143 (1943)
48. Hellner, E., Laves, F.: Kristallchemie des In und Ga in Legierungen mit einigen Übergangselementen (Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag und Au). Z. Naturforschung 2a, 177-183 (1947)
49. Jagodzinski, H., Laves, F.: Eindimensional fehlgeordnete Kristallgitter. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 28, 456-467 (1948)
50. Laves, F.: Crystal Chemistry: Structure of Metals, Metalloids and their Compounds. In: Colin J. Smithells: Metal Reference Book. London: Butterworth 1949
51. Saalfeld, H.: Zu den Strukturbesonderheiten der K-Na-Feldspäte in Abhängigkeit von ihrem Na-Gehalt. Neues Jb. Mineral. Abh. 84, 347-374 (1952)
52. Müller, H.: Die eindimensionale Umwandlung Zinkblende-Wurtzit und die dabei auftretenden Anomalien. Neues Jb. Mineral. Abh. 84, 43-76 (1952)
53. Flörke, O. W.: Kristallographische und röntgenographische Untersuchungen im System CaS04-CaS04.2H20. Neues Jb. Mineral. Abh. 84, 189-240 (1952)
54. Jagodzinski, H.: Eindimensionale Fehlordnung in Kristallen und ihr Einfluß auf die Röntgeninterferenzen:
I. Berechnung des Fehlordnungsgrades aus den Röntgenintensitäten. Acta Cryst. 2,201-207 (1949)
II. Berechnung der fehlgeordneten dichtesten Kugelpackungen mit Wechselwirkung der Reichweite 3. Ibid. 208-214 (1949)
III. Vergleich der Berechnungen mit experimentellen Ergebnissen. Ibid. 298-394 (1949)
55. Laves, F.: The lattice and twinning of microcline and other potash feldspars. J. Geology 58, 548-571 (1950)
56. Chaisson, U.: The optics of triclinic adularia. J. Geology 58, 537-547 (1950)
57. Laves, F., Chaisson, U.: X-ray investigation of the high-low albite relations. J. Geology 58, 584-592 (1950)
57a. Laves, F.: Relations between exsolved plagioclase and its host. Abstr. Washington ACA 1951
57b. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: Microcline-sanidine stability relations. GSA Boston, p. 42/43, 1952
58. Laves, F.: A revised orientation of microline and its geometrical relation to albite and cryptoperthites. J. Geology 59, 510-511 (1951)
59. Laves, F.: Artificial preparation of microcline. J. Geology 59, 511-512 (1951)
60. Laves, F.: Phase relations of the alkali feldspars. J. Geology 60, 436-450, 549-574 (1952)
60a. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: On anorthite. Univ. of Chicago Magazine 18-19 (1952)
61. Laves, F.: Über den Einfluß von Ordnung und Unordnung auf mechanische Zwillingsbildung. Naturwiss. 39, 546 (1952)
62. Laves, F.: Mechanische Zwillingsbildung in Feldspäten in Abhängigkeit von Ordnung und Unordnung der Si/Al-Verteilung innerhalb des (Si,Al)4O8-Gerüstes. Naturwiss. 39, 546-547 (1952)
63. Laves, F., Nicolaides, N.: The crystalline structure and two-dimensional disorder of thiourea adducts. ACA 5, 16-17 (1954)
64. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: The microcline-sanidine stability relations. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 5, l -19 (1954)
65. Laves, F., Goldsmith, J. R.: Discussion on the anorthite superstructure. Acta Cryst. 7, 131-132(1954)
66. Laves, F., Goldsmith, J. R.: On the use of calcic plagioclases in geologic thermometry. J. Geol. 62, 405-408(1954)
67. Laves, F.: The coexistence of two plagioclases in the oligoclase compositional range. J. Geol. 62, 409-411 (1954)
68. Nicolaides, N., Laves, F.: The stereochemistry of squalene, a new method for the deter-mination of cis + trans isomerism (1). J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 2596 (1954)
69. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: Potassium feldspars structurally intermediate between microline and sanidine. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 6, 100-118 (1954)
70. Laves, F., Goldsmith, J. R.: Long-range - short-range order in calcic plagioclases as a continuous and reversible function of temperature. Acta Cryst. 7, 465- 472 (1954)
70a. Laves, F.: Ordnung und Unordnung: Zwei Bauprinzipien der Kristallwelt. Antrittsvorlesung ETH. Techn. Rundschau 47 (1955)
71. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: Cation order in anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) as revealed by gallium and germanium substitutions. Z. Kristallogr. 106, 213-236 (1955)
72. Laves, F., Goldsmith, J. R.: The effect of temperature and composition on the Al-Si distribution in anorthite. Z. Kristallogr. 106, 227-235 (1955)
73. Laves, F.: Über die Bedeutung der Barbierit-Analbit-Umwandlung (displacive transfor-mation) für die Erscheinungsformen der Feldspäte in Larvikiten und Rhombenporphyren. Z. Kristallogr. 107, 196-201 (1956)
74. Laves, F.: Remarks on a paper by V. Marmo: On microcline of the granitic rocks of Sierra Leone. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Min. 35, 296-298 (1956)
75. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: Crystallization of metastable disordered anorthite at "low temperatures". Z. Kristallogr. 107, 396-405 (1956)
76. Laves, F., Baskin, Y.: On the formation of the rhombohedral graphite modification. Z. Kristallogr. 107, 337-356 (1956)
77. Laves, F., Hafner, S.: Ordnung/Unordnung und Ultrarotabsorption. I. (Al,Si)-Verteilung in Feldspäten. Z. Kristallogr. 108, 52-63 (1956)
78. Laves, F.: Crystal structure and atomic size: Theory of alloy phases. Am. Soc. Metals. 125-194 (1956)
79. Nicolaides, N., Laves, F., Niggli, A.: A convenient method of locating substituents on the hydrocarbon chain of molecules adducting with urea. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78, 6415 (1956)
80. Laves, F., Schneider, T.: Über den rhombischen Schnitt in sauren Plagioklasen. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 36, 622-623 (1956)
81. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: Über die Mischkristallreihe Mikrolin-Albit. Fortschr. Mineral. 35, 18 (1957)
82. Hafner, St., Laves, F.: Ordnung/Unordnung und Ultrarotabsorption. II. Variation der Lage und Intensität einiger Absorptionen von Feldspäten. Zur Struktur von Orthoklas und Adular. Z. Kristallogr. 109, 204-225 (1957)
83. Schneider, T. R.: Röntgenographische und optische Untersuchung der Umwandlung Albit-Analbit-Monalbit. Diss. ETH Zürich, 1957 und Z. Kristallogr. 109, 245-271 (1957)
84. Schneider, T. R., Laves, F.: Barbierit oder Monalbit? Z. Kristallogr. 109, 241 - 244 (1957)
85. Nicolaides, N. Laves, F.: The determination of cis-trans isomerism by length measurements of molecules in urea or thiourea adducts. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 5752 (1958)
86. Verschiedene Autoren: 50 Jahre Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft 1908-1958. Vier historische Vorträge etc. Fortschr. Mineral. 37 (1959)
87. Laves, F.: Entwicklung der Kristallographie während der letzten 50 Jahre in Deutschland und in der Welt. Forschr. Mineral. 37, 21-26 (1959)
88. Laves, F.: Kristallstruktur und Kristallchemie von Elementen und metallischen Verbindungen. Beitr. z. Physik und Chemie des 20. Jahrhunderts 1959
89. Brunner, G., Wondratschek, H., Laves, F.: Über die Ultrarotabsorption des Quarzes im 3?-Gebiet. Naturwiss. 46, 664 (1959)
90. Laves, F.: Die Feldspäte, ihre polysynthetischen Verzweigungen und Phasenbeziehungen. Rendiconti della Soc. Min. Ital. 16, 37-70 (1960)
91. Laves, F.: I feldspate e le loro relazioni di fase. Rendiconti della Soc. Min. Ital. 16, 69-100 (1960)
92. Laves, F.: Al/Si-Verteilungen, Phasen-Transformationen und Namen der Alkalifeldspäte. Z. Kristallogr. 113, 265-296 (1960)
93. Hafner, S., Laves, F.: Magnetische Kernresonanz zur Beobachtung des Al,Si-Ordnungs/Unordnungsgrades in einigen Feldspäten. Z. Kristallogr. 113, 65-76 (1960)
94. Brun, E., Hafner, S., Hartmann, P., Laves, F.: Elektrische Quadrupolwirkung von Al27 und Kationenverteilung in Spinell (MgAl2O4). Naturwiss. 47, 277 (1960)
94a. Brun, E., Hafner, S., Loeliger, H., Walden, F.: Zur paramagnetischen Resonanz von Cr3+ in Spinell MgAl2O4. Helv. Phys. Acta 33, 966-968 (1960)
95. Wondratschek, H., Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Ein Mechanismus bei der Elektrolyse von Quarz. Naturwiss. 47, 275 (1960)
96. Pfenninger, H. H.: Elastische Schwingungen von Quarzplatten in stationären elektrischen Feldern. Naturwiss. 47, 275 (1960)
97. Pfenninger, H. H., Laves, F.: Kationenwanderung und Farbzentrenbildung bei der Elektrolyse von Quarzplatten senkrecht zur c-Achse. Naturwiss. 47, 276 (1960)
98. Brown, W. L.: X-ray studies in the plagioclases. l. Lattice changes in heat-treated plagioclases - the existence of monalbite at room temperature. 2. The crystallographic and petrologic significance of peristerite unmixing in the acid plagioclases. Z. Kristallogr. 113, 297-344(1960)
99. missing
100. Bayer, G.: Cr2WO6, a new trirutile compound. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 43, 495-496 (1960)
100a. Laves, F.: Max von Laue. Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Zürich 105, Schlußheft, 3 Seiten (1960)
101. Bambauer, H. U., Laves, F.: Zum Adularproblem. I. Adular von Val Casatscha: Mimetischer Lamellenbau, Variation und Optik und Gitterkonstanten und ihre genetische Deutung. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 40, 177-205 (1960)
102. Pfenninger, H. H., Laves, F.: Durch Elektrolyse bedingte Brechungsindexänderungen in Quarzplatten. Naturwiss. 48, 22-23 (1961)
103. Pfenninger, H. H., Laves, F.: Defektkanäle in der optischen Achse von Quarzkristallen. Naturwiss. 48, 23 (1961)
104. Laves, F.: Feldspar. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 206-214 (1960)
105. Bayer, G.: Double oxides of antimony pentoxide with spinel structure. Naturwiss. 48, 46-47 (1961)
106. Bambauer, H. U., Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Optik, Ultrarotabsorption und Spurenelementgehalt von lamellar gebautem Bergkristall. Fortschr. Mineral. 39, 37-38 (1961)
107. Pfenninger, H.: Diffusion von Kationen and Abscheidung von Metallen in Quarz unter elektrischer Feldeinwirkung. Diss. Univ. Zürich, 130 S. Printing Studio Zürich 1961
108. Brun, E., Hartmann, P., Laves, F., Schwarzenbach, D.: Elektrische Quadrupolwechselwirkung von Al27 in A1PO4. Helv. Phys. Acta 34, 388-391 (1961)
109. Laves, F., Goldsmith, J. R.: Comments on the anorthite papers by Megaw and coworkers presented at this Symposium. Inst. Lucas Mallada, Cursillos y Conf. 8, 155-157 (1961)
110. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: The sodium content of microclines and the microcline-albite series. Inst. Lucas Mallada, Cursillos y Conf. 8, 81-96 (1961)
111. Laves, F., Goldsmith, J. R.: Polymorphism, order, disorder, diffusion and confusion in the feldspars. Inst. Lucas Mallada, Cursillos y Conf. 8, 71-80 (1961)
112. Hafner, S., Laves, F.: Ordnung/Unordnung und Ultrarotabsorption. III. Die Systeme MgAl2O4-Al2O3 und MgAl2O4-LiAl5O8. Z. Kristallogr. 115, 321-330 (1961)
112a. Brun, E., Hafner, S.: Die elektrische Quadrupolaufspaltung von Al27 in Spinell MgAl2O4 und Korund Al2O3. I. Paramamagnetische Kernresonanz von Al27 und Kationenverteilung in Spinell. Z. Kristallogr. 117, 37-78 (1962)
113. Laves, F.: Vortrag in Biel über "Symmetrie und Unordnung in der Kristallwelt". Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. 33-44 (1961)
114. Brunner, G. O., Wondratschek, H., Laves, F.: Ultrarotuntersuchungen über den Einbau von H in natürlichem Quarz. Z. Elektrochem. 65, 735-750 (1961)
115. Laves, F., Schindler, P., Weaver, H. E.: Eigenschaften von Elektrolyse-Farbzentren in Quarzkristallen. Naturwiss. 48, 714 (1961)
116. Bambauer, H. U.: Spurenelemente und γ-Farbzentren in Quarzen aus Zerrklüften der Schweizer Alpen. Schweiz. Mineral. Petr. Mitt. 41, 335-369 (1961)
117. Bambauer, H. U., Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Beobachtungen über Lamellenbau an Bergkristallen. Z. Kristallogr. 116, 173-181 (1961)
118. Bayer, G.: Isomorphie- und Morphotropie-Beziehungen bei Oxyden mit TiO2-Typ und verwandten Strukturen. Diss. ETH, 65, Schmidberger und Müller, Zürich, 1962
119. Robinson, J. M. M.: An X-ray examination of the displacive transformation analbite - monalbite - analbite in the plagioclases at temperatures up to 1100°C, Diss. Univ., L. Speich, 53 S., 1961
120. Laves, F.: Symmetrie und Unordnung in der Kristallwelt. Verh. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. Biel, 33-44 (1961)
121. Bambauer, H. U., Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Wasserstoff-Gehalte in Quarzen aus Zerrklüften der Schweizer Alpen und die Deutung ihrer regionalen Abhängigkeit. Schweiz. Mineral. Petr. Mitt. 42, 221 -236 (1962)
121a. Bambauer, H. U.: Spurenelementgehalte und γ-Farbzentren in Quarzen und Zerrklüften der Schweizer Alpen und die Deutung ihrer regionalen Abhängigkeit. Schweiz. Mineral. Petr. Mitt. 41, 335-369 (1961)
122. Laves, F., Soldatos, K.: Plate perthite, a new perthitic intergrowth in microcline single crystals, a recrystallization product. Z. Kristallogr. 117, 209-217 (1962)
123. Laves, F., Soldatos, K.: Über "verzerrte" Mikroklin-Verzwillingung und über unsymmetrische Albitausscheidung in Kryptoperthit. Z. Kristallogr. 117, 209-217 (1962)
124. Bayer, G.: Isomorphie- und Morphotropiebeziehungen bei Oxyden mit TiO2-Typ und verwandten Strukturen. Ber. dt. keram. Ges. 39, 535-554 (1962)
124a. Laves, F.: The growing field of mineral structures. - P. P. Ewald, Fifty years of X-ray diffraction, 174-189 (1962)
125. Koyama, H., Robinson, J. M. M., Laves, F.: Zur Kristallstruktur von N-propyl-dihydro-Nicotinsäureamid. Naturwiss. 50, 40-41 (1963)
126. Hafner, S., Hartmann, P., Laves, F.: Magnetische Kernresonanz von Al27 in Adular. Zur Deutung der Adularstruktur. Schweiz. Mineral. Petr. Mitt. 42, 277-294 (1962)
127. Brown, W. L., Hoffmann, W., Laves, F.: Über kontinuierliche und reversible Transformationen des Anorthits (CaAl2Si2O8) zwischen 25 und 350° C. Naturwiss. 50, 221 (1963)
128. Laves, F., Soldatos, K.: Die Albit/Mikroklin-Orientierungs-Beziehungen in Mikroklinperthiten und deren genetische Deutung. Z. Kristallogr. 118, 69-102 (1963)
129. Koyama, H.: Strukturbestimmung des N-(n-propyl)-dihydro-Nicotinsäureamid (C9H14ON2). Z. Kristallogr. 118, 51-68 (1963)
130. Bayer, G.: InSbO4 and ScSbO4, new compounds with the rutile structure. Z. Kristallogr. 118, 158-160(1963)
131. Laves, F., Hafner, S.: Infrared absorption effects, nuclear magnetic resonance and structure of feldspars. Norsk Geol. Tidskr. 42 (Feldspar vol.) 57-71 (1962)
131a. Goldsmith, J. R., Laves, F.: Monoclinic K-feldspar with triclinic morphology. Norsk Geolog. Tidsskr. 42, 215-224 (1962)
132. Hafner, St., Laves, F.: Magnetische Kernresonanz von Al27 in einigen Orthoklasen. Schweiz. Mineral. Petr. Mitt. 43, 65-69 (1963)
133. Schwarzenbach, D.: Standardized description of crystal structures. Schweiz. Mineral. Petr. Mitt. 43, 41-48 (1963)
134. Laves, F., Bayer, G., Panagos, A.: Strukturelle Beziehungen zwischen den Typen α-PbO2, FeWO4 (Wolframit) und FeNb2O6 (Columbit), und über die Polymorphie des FeNbO4. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 43, 217-234 (1963)
135. Bambauer, H. U., Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Merkmale des OH-Spektrums alpiner Quarze (3μ-Gebiet). Schweiz. Mineral. Petr. Mitt. 43, 259-268 (1963)
136. Laves, F.: Factors governing the structure of intermetallic phases. Advances in X-ray Analysis 6, 43-61 (1963)
137. Nicolaides, N., Laves, F.: Structural information of long-chain fatty material obtained rapidly and conveniently by the use of X-ray diffraction studies of single crystals of urea and thiourea adducts. J. Amer. Oil Chemist's Soc. 40, 400-413 (1963)
138. Philipsborn, H. von, Laves, F.: The influence of impurities on the formation of the Cu3Au-type structure from the Cr3Si-type structure. Acta Cryst. 17, 213-214 (1964)
139. Bucher, E., Laves, F., Muller, J., Philipsborn, H. von: A phase transition and its influence on superconductivity in the (Nb,V)-Au A15-type-structure. Physics Letters 8, 27-28 (1964)
142. Weaver, H. E., Schindler, P.: Paramagnetische Elektronenresonanz von Fehlstellen in Quarzkristallen. Naturwiss. 51, 81-82 (1964)
143. Laves, F., Pfenninger, H.: Zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von Quarzen. Naturwiss. 51, 81 (1964)
144. Bayer, G.: New perovskite-type compounds A2BTeO6. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 46, 604-605 (1963)
145. Brunner, G. O.: Thermolumineszenzmessung mit Doppelstrahlspektrometer. Helv. Phys. Acta 37, 51-54 (1964)
146. Rybach, L.: Neutron activation analysis of traces of sodium in quartz. Radiochem. Acta 2, 138-140 (1964)
147. Gubser, R. A., Hoffmann, W., Nissen, H. U.: Röntgenaufnahmen mit der Buergerschen Präzisionskamera bei Temperaturen zwischen 1000° und 2000° C. Z. Kristallogr. 119, 264-272 (1963)
148. Hoffmann, W., Laves, F.: Zur Polytypie und Polytropie von Tridymit. Naturwiss. 51, 335 (1964)
149. Philipsborn, H. von: Mischsysteme von Verbindungen des Cr2Si-Typs und deren Polymorphieerscheinungen. Diss. Univ. Zürich, 54p. Zürich: Juris Verlag 1964
150. Laves, F., Moser, R., Petter, W.: Eine neue Phase von Niobpentoxyd (Zeta-Nb2O5). Naturwiss. 51, 356-357 (1964)
151. Laves, F., Petter, W., Wulf, H.: Die Kristallsturktur von Nb2O5. Naturwiss. 51, 633-634 (1964)
152. Laves, F., Young, A. P., Schwartz, C. M.: On the high-pressure form of FeVO4. Acta Cryst. 17, 1476-1477 (1964)
153. Hafner, S., Laves, F.: Phase transitions in LiAl5O8. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 47, 362-363 (1964)
154. Laves, F., Petter, W.: Eine displazive Umwandlung bei α-Ta2O5. Helv. Phys. Acta 37, 617 (1964)
155. Laves, F.: Technische Anwendungen der Röntgenanalyse. Anorganische (nichtmetallische) Chemie. Z. Kristallogr. 120, 137-142 (1964)
155a. Laves, F., Niggli, A.: In memoriam: Paul Niggli's crystallographic oeuvre. Z. Kristallogr. 120, 212-215 (1964)
156. Schindler, P.: Untersuchungen eines paramagnetischen Defektes in Quarz. - Diss. Univ. Zürich, 53 Seiten. Zürich: Juris-Verlag 1964
157. Hafner, St., Hartmann, P.: Elektrische Feldgradienten und Sauerstoff-Polarisierbarkeit in Alkali-Feldspäten (NaAlSi3O8 und KAlSi3O8). Helv. Phys. Acta 37, 348-360 (1964)
157a. Bayer, G., Hoffmann, W., Stickler, R.: Replika- und Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie bei der Untersuchung von Entmischung und Kristallisation in Gläsern. Glastechn. Ber. 37, 432-435 (1964)
158. Bayer, G., Hoffmann, W.: Über Verbindungen vom NaxTiO2-Typ. Z. Kristallogr. 121, 9-13 (1965)
159. Derighetti, B., Drumheller, H. E., Laves, F., Müller, K. A., Waldner, F.: The space group of LaAlO3 below 720° K, and the compounds NdAlO3 and PrAlO3, probably isomorphous at room temperature. Acta Cryst. 18, 557 (1965)
160. Laves, F., Nicolaides, N., Peng, K. C.: Comparison of the lengths of molecules in urea and in thiourea adducts. Z. Kristallogr. 121, 258-282 (1965)
161. Nicolaides, N., Laves, F.: On the crystal structure of squalene thiourea adducts and the stereochemistry of squalene. Z. Kristallogr. 121, 283-296 (1965)
162. Bambauer, H. U., Corlett, M., Eberhard, E., Gubser, R., Laves, F., Nissen, H. U., Viswanathan, K.: Variations in X-ray powder patterns of low structural state plagioclases. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 45, 327-330 (1965)
163. Moser, R.: Einkristallzüchtung und Polymorphie von Nb2O5 und Ta2O5. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 45, 35-101 (1965)
163a. Ghose, S.: Mg2+ - Fe2+ order in an orthopyroxene, Mg0.93Fe0.07Si2O6. Z. Kristallogr. 122, 81-99 (1965)
163b. Ghose, S.: A scheme of cation distribution in the amphiboles. Mineral. Mag. 35, 46-54 (1965)
164. Laves, F.: The correlation of optics and lattice geometry of microcline. Amer. Mineral. 50, 509-511 (1965)
165. Laves, F.: Mechanical twinning in acid plagioclases. Amer. Mineral. 50, 511-514 (1965)
166. Laves, F., Nissen, H. U., Bollmann, W.: On schiller and submicroscopical lamellae of labradorite, (Na,Ca)(Si,Al)3O8. Naturwiss. 52, 427-428 (1965)
167. Schwarzenbach, D.: Die Kristallstruktur von AlPO4 (Tiefquarzmodifikation). Naturwiss. 52, 343-344(1965)
168. Schwarzenbach, D.: Die Tiefquarz-Modifikation von AlPO4. Diss. ETH Zürich. 69 S., Zürich: Juris-Verlag 1965
169. Eberhard, E.: Das System KFeSi3O8-KAlSi3O8-H2O mit Untersuchungen über die Mikroklin-Sanidin-Beziehungen. Tschermak Min. Petr. Mitt. 10, 400-408 (1965)
170. Laves, F., Moser, R., Petter, W.: Eine mit α-Ta2O5 verwandte Nb2O5-Modifikation: η-Nb2O5. Naturwiss. 52, 617-618 (1965)
171. Petter, W., Laves, F.: Das Bauprinzip der Kristallstruktur von η-Nb2O5. Naturwiss. 52, 617 (1965)
172. Laves, F.: What is a twin and what is a "twon"? Acta Met. 14, 58 (1966)
172a. Girgis, K., Laves, F., Reinmann, R.: Über galliumreiche Vanadium-Gallium-Verbindungen. Naturwiss. 53, 610 (1966)
173. Bayer, G.: Vanadates A3B2V3O12 with garnet structure. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 48, 600 (1965)
174. Brun, E.: Anwendung der paramagnetischen Kernresonanz auf Strukturprobleme. Fortschr. Mineral. 42, 232-240 (1966)
175. Waldner, F.: Anwendung der paramagnetischen Elektronenresonanz auf Strukturprobleme. Fortschr. Mineral. 42, 241-249 (1966)
175a. Bayer, G., Hoffmann, W.: Primary crystallisation of glasses in the System Na2O - TiO2 - SiO2 and its relation to immiscibility. Glass Technology 7, 94-97 (1966)
175b. Schwarzenbach, D.: Verfeinerung der Struktur der Tiefquarz-Modifikation von AlPO4. Z. Kristallogr. 123, 161-185 (1966)
175c. Rey, T.: Ultrarotabsorption von A1PO4 und SiO2 in Abhängigkeit von Fehlordnung und Temperatur. Diss. ETH Zürich, Wiesbadener Graphische Betriebe, 52 S., 1966
175d. Bayer, G., Hoffmann, W.: Ionensubstitution in Verbindungen vom α-MnO2-Strukturtyp. Naturwiss. 53, 381 (1966)
175e. Koyama, H., Scheel, H.-J., Laves, F.: Kristallstrukturen organischer Pigmentfarbstoffe. I. γ-Chinacridon C20H12O2N2. Naturwiss. 53, 700 (1966)
175f. Ogawa, K., Scheel, H.-J., Laves, F.: Kristallstrukturen organischer Pigmentfarbstoffe. II. 4,4'-Diamino-l,l'-dianthranchinoyl C28H16N2O4. Naturwiss. 53, 700-701 (1966)
176. Bayer, F.: Preparation and X-ray study of new tellurium-containing metal oxides of the type B3Te06 (B = Mg, Mn, Ni, Cu). Z. Kristallogr. 124, 131-135 (1967)
176a. Bayer, G.: Oxide spinels containing hexavalent tellurium. J. Less-Common Metals 12, 326-328 (1967)
177. Fischer, P.: Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchung der Strukturen von MgAl2O4- und ZnAl2O4-Spinellen, in Abhängigkeit von der Vorgeschichte. Z. Kristallogr. 124, 275 - 302 (1967). Diss. ETH Zürich
178. Gubser, R., Laves, F.: On X-ray properties of "adularia", (K,Na)AlSi3O8. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 47, 177-188 (1967)
179. Laves, F., Viswanathan, K.: Relations between the optic axial angle and triclinicity of potash feldspars, and their significance for the definition of "stable" and "unstable" states of alkali feldspars. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 47, 147-161 (1967)
180. Laves, F.: Space limitations on the geometry of the crystal structures of metals and intermetallic compounds. In: Phase stability in metals and alloys, ed. by Rudman, Stringer, Jaffer, pp. 85-99. New York: McGraw-Hill 1967
181. Nissen, H. U., Eggmann, H., Laves, F.: Schiller and submicroscopical lamellae of labradorite (a preliminary report). Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 47, 289-302 (1967)
182. Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Wahrscheinliche und unwahrscheinliche Zellen-Metrik trikliner Kristalle. Mögliche Konsequenzen für Feldspäte. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 47, 31-34 (1967)
183. Rybach, L., Laves, F.: Sodium diffusion experiment in quartz crystals. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta 31, 539-546 (1967)
184. Bayer, G.: Isostructural oxide compounds of tellurium and antimony of the type Me3XO6. Naturwiss. 55, 33 (1968)
185. Hilti, E.: Neue Phasen im System Ti-O. Naturwiss. 55, 130-131 (1968)
186. Hilti, E., Laves, F.: Röntgenographische Untersuchungen der Ti-O-Tief-Temperatur-Modifikation. Naturwiss. 55, 131 (1968)
187. Scheel, H.-J.: Crystal growth of metastable quartz-solid-solutions in MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses. J. Crystal Growth 2, 411-412 (1968)
188. Bayer, G.: On the polymorphism of orthotelluric acid, H6TeO6. J. Less-Comm. Metals 16, 215-222(1968)
189. Bayer, G.: Zur Kristallchemie des Tellurs (Telluroxide und Oxidverbindungen mit Tellur). Fortschr. Mineral. 46, 41-72 (1969)
190. Bambauer, H. U., Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Light scattering of heat-treated quartz in relation to hydrogen-containing defects. Amer. Min. 54, 718-724 (1969)
191. Laves, F., Girgis, K.: Verzwillingung von VGa5-Kristallen. Naturwiss. 56, 560 (1969)
192. Ogawa, K., Scheel, H.-J.: The crystal structure of 4,4'-diamino-1,1'-bianthraquinone, C28H16N204. Z. Kristallogr. 130, 405-419 (1969)
192a. Hoffmann, W., Scheel, H.-J.: Über die γ- und σ-Modifikationen des Natriumdisilikates Na2Si205. Z. Kristallogr. 129, 396-404 (1969)
192b. Girgis, K.: Phasen und Mischsysteme der T5-(B3, B4 und B5)Elemente, speziell ein Vergleich der Al- und Ga-haltigen Phasen. Diss. ETH Zürich, 72 S. Zürich: Juris 1969
192c. Harnik, A. B.: Strukturelle Zustände in den Anorthoklasen der Rhombenporphyre des Oslogebietes. Diss. Univ. Zürich, 59 S. Zürich: Dissertationsdruckerei Leemann AG 1969
193. Bayer, G., Felsche, J., Hirsiger, W.: Kristalline Phasen und Gläser im System Li2O-CeO2(CeO1.5)-SiO2. Glastechn. Ber. 42, 317-321 (1969)
194. Schobinger-Papamantellos, P., Fischer, P.: Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchung der Atomverteilung von Mg17Al12. Naturwiss. 57, 128-129 (1970)
195. Czank, M., Laves, F., Schulz, H.: On the domains of anorthite. Naturwiss. 57, 128 (1970)
196. Philipsborn, H. von: Röntgenographische Untersuchung auf Spaltstruktur im Cr3Si-Typ. Z. Kristallogr. 131, 73-87 (1970)
197. Bayer, G.: Stabilization of cubic ZrO2 by MnO and partial substitution of Ti, Nb, or Ta for Zr. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 53, 294 (1970)
198. Girgis, K.: Mischkristallreihe NbAl3-NbGa3. Naturwiss. 57, 193 (1970)
199. Girgis, K., Harnik, A. B.: A new phase Ta2Al3. Naturwiss. 57, 242 (1970)
200. Bayer, G.: Glaskeramikstoffe. Schweiz. Archiv angew. Wiss. und Technik 36, Heft 11 (1970)
201. Czank, M., Schulz, H.: Thermal expansion of anorthite. Naturwiss. 58, 94 (1971)
202. Girgis, K., Schulz, H.: A gallium-rich Mn-Ga compound. Naturwiss. 58, 95 (1971)
203. Pellegrini, S.: A study of optimal twin boundaries. Diss. ETH Zürich. Zürich: Juris-Verlag 1971
204. Laves, F., Czank, M., Schulz, H.: The temperature dependence of the reflection intensities of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and the corresponding formation of domains. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 50, 519-525 (1970)
205. Laves, F., Weber, L.: The mutual orientation of peristerite phases. Naturwiss. 58, 361 (1971)
206. Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Zum Problem der Koordinationszahl. Wiss. Zeitschr. TU Dresden 20, 387-390 (1971)
207. Schulz, H., Hoffmann, W., Muchow, G. M.: The average structure of Mg[Al2Si3O10], a stuffed derivative of the high-quartz structure. Z. Kristallogr. 134, 1-27 (1971)
207a. Laves, F.: Was ist ein Kristall? Nova Acta Leopoldina 35, 99-124 (1970)
208. Laves, F., Ribbe, P. H., Wegmann, L.: Textur und chemische Zusammensetzung der submikroskopischen Lamellen im Labradorit, untersucht mit dem Durchstrahlungs- und mit dem Photoemissions-Elektronenmikroskop. Mikroskopie 28, 354-355 (1972)
209. Girgis, K., Laves, F.: Klassifizierung und Isomorphie von Vanadium-, Niob- und Tantal-Legierungen. Mh. Chemie 102, 1462-1480 (1971)
210. Weber, L., Laves, F.: Qualitative Analyse der Calcium-Verteilung beim Peristerit mittels Sekundärionen-Mikroanalysator. Naturwiss. 59, 269-270 (1972)
211. Tscherry, V., Schulz, H., Laves, F.: Average and super structure of β-eucriptite (LiAlSiO4). Part I. Average structure. Z. Kristallogr. 135, 161-174 (1972)
212. Tscherry, V., Schulz, H., Laves, F.: Average and super structure of β-eucryptite (LiAlSiO4). Part II. Super structure. Z. Kristallogr. 135, 175-198 (1972)
213. Brinkmann, D., Ghose, S., Laves, F.: Nuclear magnetic resonance of 23Na, 27Al, and 29Si and cation disorder in nepheline. Z. Kristallogr. 135, 208-218 (1972)
214. Petter, W.: Die Kristallstrukturen neuer Nb2O5-Modifikationen und deren kristallchemische Beziehungen zu verwandten Oxidstrukturen. Diss. ETH Zürich. Zürich: Juris-Verlag 1972
215. Weber, L.: Das Entmischungsverhalten der Peristerite. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 52, 349-372 (1972)
216. Czank, M., Van Landuyt, J., Schulz, H., Laves, F., Amelinckx, S.: Temperature dependence of domains in anorthite. Naturwiss. 59, 646 (1972)
217. Czank, M., Girgis, J. K., Harnik, A. B., Laves, F., Schmid, R., Schulz, H., Weber, L.: Crystallographic studies of lunar plagioclases from samples 14053, 14163, 14301, and 14310. Proceed. of the Third Lunar Science Conf. (Suppl. 3, Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta) 1, 603-613 (1972)
218. Czank, M., Van Landuyt, J., Schulz, H., Laves, F., Amelinckx, S.: Electron microscopic study of the structural changes as a function of temperature in anorthite. Z. Kristallogr. 138, 403-418 (1973)
219. Laves, F., de Saenz, I. M.: On the determination of submicroscopical twin orientations with Buerger's precession method, demonstrated by the rhombic section in K feldspars. Z. Kristallogr. 138, 449-456 (1973)
219a. Czank, M., Girgis, K., Gubser, R. A., Harnik, A. B., Laves, F., Schmid, R., Schulz, H., Weber, L.: Temperature dependence of the diffusioness of c-reflections in Apollo 15 plagioclasses. Houston, Lunar Science IV Conference, 5-8 (1973)
220. Woodman, T. P.: The colouring mechanism in self-colour anodizing processes for aluminium. Proc. Congr. Int. Union Electrodeposition Surface Finish, 8th (publ. 1973), 398-403 (1974)
221. Laves, F.: Unmixing and transformation textures in plagioclase: Domain and deformation textures in plagioclases and their investigation by photo-emission-electron microscopy (PEEM) and by transmission electron microscopy. In: The Feldspars, ed. by Mac Kenzie and Zussman. Manchester: Univ. Press 1974
221a. Hilti, E.: Geometrische Deutung orientierter Verwachsungen. Diss. ETH Zürich, 186 S. Zürich: aku-Fotodruck 1974
222. Laves, F.: On the use of photo-emission-electron-microscopy (PEEM) on the decomposition features in minerals and other materials. Amer. Min. 59, 1136-1137 (1974)
223. Laves, F.: Relations between ferro-elasticity and mechanical twinning. Acta Cryst. A31, Suppl. 01.2-6 (1975)
224. Blaschke, R., Gentsch, P., Grauer-Carstensen, E., Laves, F., Weber, L., Woodman, T. P.: Untersuchungen an Mondstein mit 2 Schillerflächen mittels PhEEM, REM, TEM, TEM(s) und Polarisationsmikroskop. Beitr. elektronenmikroskop. Direktabb. Oberfl. 7, 423-438 (1974)
225. Bächtiger, K., Hofmann, F., Laves, F.: Die Thermolumineszenz von einigen vermutlich geschockten Jura-Kalk-Auswürflingen aus der oberen Süßwassermolasse (Miozaen) der Ostschweiz. IXe Congres International de Sedimentologie, Nice, 1975
226. Czank, M., Laves, F., Schulz, H.: High temperature structure investigation of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) using X-ray and electron microscop. Acta Cryst. A31, Suppl. p. 192, 12.3-2 (1975)
227. Woodman, T. P.: Realitäten der Sonnenenergienutzung in der Schweiz. Elektrizitätsverwertung 50, 1-8 (1975)
228. Meyer, K.: Strukturuntersuchungen an β-Eukryptit, β-LiAlSiO4, im Temperaturbereich von 20° bis 800° C. Diss. Univ. Zürich, 97 S. Clausthal-Zellerfeld: Bönecke-Druck 1975
229. Bächtiger, K., Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: Die regionale Verteilung der Thermolumineszenz von Quarzen (Bergkristall, Rauchquarz und derbes Material) aus den Schweizer Alpen. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 55, 586-588 (1975)
230. Laves, F.: Entwicklung heutiger Koordinationszahlbegriffe. - Vortrag auf der 11. Metalltagung März 1976, Dresden: "Intermetallische Phasen". Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, S. 57-63, 1976
231. Laves, F.: Gedanken zum stabilen Phasendiagramm der Plagioklase. Vortrag Salzburger Tagung 5.-10. Sept. 1977 der österreichischen Min. Ges. und der Schweiz. Min. und Petr. Ges. Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 484 (1977)
231a. missing
232. Brunner, G. O., Laves, F.: How many faces has the largest space-filling polyhedron? Z. Kristallogr. 147, 39-43 (1978)
Obituary by Erwin Hellner, published in Z. Kristallogr. 151, 1-20 (1980).
On the occasion of Fritz Laves' 100th birthday his merits especially on the fields of intermetallic compounds and of mathematical crystallography have been describes in two publications:
| Mathematische Kristallographie in Marburg | Elke Koch | Werner Fischer |
Last update July 2007